The Yellowstone National Park 3. Madison Grant's nature was the last redoubt of nobility in a levelling and hybridizing democracy. During heavy rainfalls and while the winter accumulations of snow were melting, the larger streams would swell into destructive torrents; cutting deep, rugged-edged gullies, carrying away the fertile humus and soil as well as sand and rocks, filling up and overflowing their lower channels, and covering the lowland fields with raw detritus. These two sequoias are all that are known to exist in the world, though in former geological times the genus was common and had many species. Drought and barrenness would follow. Muir believes the forests must have been a delight to God, for "they were the best he ever planted" (145). Read the whole article in the August 1897 Atlantic. Muir enumerates the forest regulations of the principal countries of the world, and then reviews the abuses this country has allowed, detailing the fraudulent methods used by the timber thieves to gain title to thousands of forested acres. His visit with the naturalist had a tremendous impact on his political actions. They cover an area of about 29,000,000 acres. This paper looks at the roles that language had in the writings of John Muir, the father of American national parks and Gifford Pinchot, the father of American forest conservation. There will be a period of indifference on the part of the rich, sleepy with wealth, and of the toiling millions, sleepy with poverty, most of whom never saw a forest; a period of screaming protest and objection from the plunderers, who are as unconscionable and enterprising as Satan. Accessibility Statement, John Muir: A Reading Bibliography by Kimes, Holt-Atherton Special Collections homepage. Theres big money in it, and your grub costs nothing. The annual appropriation for so-called protection service is hardly sufficient to keep twenty-five timber agents in the field, and as far as any efficient protection of timber is concerned these agents themselves might as well be timber. There is no real sky and no scenery. The Mountains of California, his first book, was published in. 234, Muir describes the beauty of trees in the many varied regions across America as "they appeared a few centuries ago when they were rejoicing in wildness." Its a mighty good business, and youre your own boss, and the whole things fun.. The sprouts from the roots and stumps are cut off again and again, with zealous concern as to the best time and method of making death sure. you may Download the file to your hard drive. 2) Yosemite Glaciers. It took more than three thousand years to make some of the trees in these Western woods, trees that are still standing in perfect strength and beauty, waving and singing in the mighty forests of the Sierra. As is shown by Mr. E. A. Bowers, formerly Inspector of the Public Land Service, the foundation of our protective policy, which has never protected, is an act passed March 1, 1817, which authorized the Secretary of the Navy to reserve lands producing live-oak and cedar, for the sole purpose of supplying timber for the navy of the United States. But there is not a single specimen of the redwood in any national park. Nor will the woods be the worse for this use, or their benign influences be diminished any more than the sun is diminished by shining. My Account | Everywhere, everywhere over all the blessed continent, there were beauty, and melody, and kindly, wholesome, foodful abundance. Passionate and . Land commissioners and Secretaries of the Interior have repeatedly called attention to this ruinous state of affairs, and asked Congress to enact the requisite legislation for reasonable reform. 1993. I suppose we need not go mourning the buffaloes. > Relating how the ever-increasing horde of settlers had poured across the continent, Muir writes: " with no eye to the future, these pious destroyers waged interminable forest wars; chips flew thick and fast, trees in their beauty fell crashing by the millions and the smoke of their burning has been rising to heaven more than 200 years . Every other civilized nation in the world has been compelled to care for its forests, and so must we if waste and destruction are not to go on to the bitter end." In his article "The American Forests", John Muir discusses the beauty of the American forests along with their being easy targets for unwise people destroying them for their egoistical purposes. All sorts of local laws and regulations have been tried and found wanting, and the costly lessons of our own experience, as well as that of every civilized nation, show conclusively that the fate of the remnant of our forests is in the hands of the federal government, and that if the remnant is to be saved at all, it must be saved quickly. His letters, essays, and books telling of his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevada of California, have been read by millions. Besides his labor, only a few pounds of nails are required. In Luke 12 Jesus says, "I've come to bring fire on earth." Here, in The Mountains of California, is the first time the phrase Range . In "The American Forests", John Muir's purpose is to reveal the disloyalty that Americans have towards their agriculture. In Switzerland, after many laws like our own had been found wanting, the Swiss forest school was established in 1865, and soon after the Federal Forest Law was enacted, which is binding over nearly two thirds of the country. In its reading, one must keep in mind that compared with today, very little was known about glacial activity. They are four feet long, four inches wide, and about one fourth of an inch thick. Muir became politically active to protect Yosemite from being threatened by commercial developments. In "The American Forests", John Muir's purpose is to reveal the disloyalty that Americans have towards their agriculture. The remnant protected will yield plenty of timber, a perennial harvest for every right use, without further diminution of its area, and will continue to cover the springs of the rivers that rise in the mountains and give irrigating waters to the dry valleys at their feet, prevent wasting floods and be a blessing to everybody forever. Then he chops into one after another of the pines, until he finds one that he feels sure will split freely, cuts this down, saws off a section four feet long, splits it, and from this first cut, perhaps seven feet in diameter, he gets shakes enough for a cabin and its furniture, walls, roof, door, bedstead, table, and stool. The winds will blow their own freshness into you, and the storms their energy, while cares will drop away from you like the leaves of Autumn." John Muir, The Mountains of California tags: energy , mountains , nature 1227 likes Like The effect of the present confused, discriminating, and unjust system has been to place almost the whole population in opposition to the government; and as conclusive of its futility, as shown by Mr. Bowers, we need only state that during the seven years from 1881 to 1887 inclusive the value of the timber reported stolen from the government lands was $36,719,935, and the amount recovered was $478,073, while the cost of the services of special agents alone was $455,000, to which must be added the expense of the trials. Every one of the frail shake shanties is a centre of destruction, and the extent of the ravages wrought in this quiet way is in the aggregate enormous. Read more from, Butterfield & Co.: In Two Parts. American forests! President Theodore Roosevelt & John Muir. He closes his long essay with his now-famous statements: "Any fool can destroy trees. Muir Inlet and Muir Glacier are both named for him. Every place is made better by them. Trees go wandering forth in all directions with every wind, going and coming like ourselves, traveling with us around the sun two million miles a day, and through space heaven knows how fast and far! The conservation/preservation battle first played on the Travelers through the West in summer are not likely to forget the fire-work displayed along the various railway tracks. Humans, Muir decided, are no greater or lesser than other forms of life. John W. Winkley, M.A., D.D. These residual forests are generally on mountain slopes, just where they are doing the most good, and where their removal would be followed by the greatest number of evils; the lands they cover are too rocky and high for agriculture, and can never be made as valuable for any other crop as for the present crop of trees. About | The fact is, it was all started over 100 years ago by two men I like to refer to as the founding fathers of America's public lands. dwelling in the most beautiful woods, in the most salubrious climate, breathing delightful doors both day and night, drinking cool living water, roses and lilies at their feet in the spring, shedding fragrance and ringing bells as if cheering them on in their desolating work. Selecting a favorable spot for a cabin near a meadow with a stream, he unpacks his animal and stakes it out on the meadow. An exception would seem to be found in the case of our forests, which have been mismanaged rather long, and now come desperately near being like smashed eggs and spilt milk. The closing chapter reviews American forests broadly, and utters an ardent plea for their preservation. John Muir (1838-1914) was born in Scotland and emigrated to Wisconsin as a young boy. But most preferred the shake business, until something more profitable and as sure could be found, with equal comfort and independence. For it must be told again and again, and be burningly borne in mind, that just now, while protective measures are being deliberated languidly, destruction and use are speeding on faster and farther every day. Under its provisions, the cantons must appoint and pay the number of suitably educated foresters required for the fulfillment of the forest law; and in the organization of a normally stocked forest, the object of first importance must be the cutting each year of an amount of timber equal to the total annual increase, and no more. Of course a way had to be cleared through the woods. They cannot run away; and if they could, they would still be destroyedchased and hunted down as long as fun or a dollar could be got out of their bark hides, branching horns, or magnificent bole backbones It took more than three thousand years to make some of the trees in these Western woodstrees that are still standing in perfect strength and beauty, waving and singing in the mighty forests of the Sierra. Muir ended his life living in the care of his Chinese employees. The whole sky, with clouds, sun, moon, and stars, is simply blotted out. Any fool can destroy trees. The whole continent was a garden, and from the beginning it seemed to be favored above all the other wild parks and gardens of the globe These forests were composed of about five hundred species of trees, all of them in some way useful to man, ranging in size from twenty-five feet in height and less than one foot in diameter at the ground to four hundred feet in height and more than twenty feet in diameterlordly monarchs proclaiming the gospel of beauty like apostles. The great naturalist also visits the. By looking at their views and uses of language we can gain a better understanding of the environmental movement both during their lifetimes and as it . travel our way. The great forests of Northern United States captivated him and fueled . Honest citizens see that only the rights of the government are being trampled, not those of the settlers. . In 1849, Muir and his family immigrated to Wisconsin to homestead. According to the everlasting laws of righteousness, even the fraudful buyers at less than one per cent of its value are making little or nothing, on account of fierce competition. Carter argues that it is the duty of everyone to preserve the Arctic Refuge rather than dig holes in it to extract oil. This grand tree, Sequoia sempervirens, is surpassed in size only by its near relative, Sequoia gigantea, or big tree, of the Sierra Nevada, if indeed it is surpassed. The provisions of the code concerning private woodlands are substantially these: No private owner may clear his woodlands without giving notice to the government at least four months in advance, and the forest service may forbid the clearing on the following grounds: to maintain the soil on mountains, to defend the soil against erosion and flooding by rivers or torrents, to insure the existence of springs and watercourses, to protect the dunes and seashore, etc. In its calmer moments in the midst of bewildering hunger and war and restless over-industry, Prussia has learned that the forest plays an important part in human progress, and that the advance in civilization only makes it more indispensable. Notwithstanding all the waste and use which have been going on unchecked like a storm for more than two centuries, it is not yet too late, though it is high time, for the government to begin a rational administration of its forests. Likewise many of natures five hundred kinds of wild trees had to make way for orchards and cornfields. John Muir was born in Dunbar, Scotland on April 21, 1838, as the oldest son in religious shopkeepers family. Ginger Wadsworth. The forests of America, however slighted by man, must have been a great delight to God; for they were the best he ever planted. NOTE: The latest versions of Adobe Reader do not support viewing PDF files within Firefox on Mac OS and if you are using a modern (Intel) Mac, there is no official plugin for viewing PDF files within the browser window. His letters, essays, and books telling of his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California, have been read by millions. In crafting a sense of place for the forests, Muir is passively working his readers . The gigantea attains a greater girth, and is heavier, more noble in port, and more sublimely beautiful. But, busied with tariffs, etc., Congress has given no heed to these or other appeals, and our forests, the most valuable and the most destructible of all the natural resources of the country, are being robbed and burned more rapidly than ever. Happy robbers! How strong a voice that metal has! In any case, it will be hard to teach the pioneers that it is wrong to steal government timber. Posted on February 26, 2013 by Nathaniel Cowper. Well, it didn't happen by accident or guesswork. The Indians with stone axes could do them no more harm than could gnawing beavers and browsing moose. Publisher's Summary During the past twenty-five years, North American forestry has received increasingly vigorous scrutiny. As soon as a redwood is cut down or burned it sends up a crowd of eager, hopeful shoots, which, if allowed to grow, would in a few decades attain a height of a hundred feet, and the strongest of them would finally become giants as great as the original tree. By the act of March 3, 1875, all land-grant and right-of-way railroads are authorized to take timber from the public lands adjacent to their lines for construction purposes; and they have taken it with a vengeance, destroying a hundred times more than they have used, mostly by allowing fires to run into the woods. The blackness is perfect. About this book. John Muir, Naturalist: A Concise Biography of the Great Naturalist. 'Yes, John Muir; and you know I promised to return and visit you in about twenty-five years, and though I am a little latesix or seven yearsI've done the best I could . In decrying the destruction of woodlands by loggers, settlers, and industrialists, Muir, the father of Americas conservation movement, advanced the notion that natural resources ought to be preservedan idea that spawned vast new parks as well as the creation of the U.S. Forest Service. Word Count: 490. The American Forests by John Muir (1901) . https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/jmb/234. During his lengthy wanderings, Muir contemplated man's relationship to nature. Visit Muir Woods National Monument, located in Marin County, just north of San Francisco. And you are your own boss in my business, too, if the bears aint too big and too many for you. "No prisoners were taken," recalled the witness to these events . The cool shades of the forest give rise to moist beds and currents of air, and the sod of grasses and the various flowering plants and shrubs thus fostered, together with the network and sponge of tree roots, absorb and hold back the rain and the waters from melting snow, compelling them to ooze and percolate and flow gently through the soil in streams that never dry. Thence still westward the invading horde of destroyers called settlers made its fiery way over the broad Rocky Mountains, felling and burning more fiercely than ever, until at last it has reached the wild side of the continent, and entered the last of the great aboriginal forests on the shores of the Pacific. Thus, with abundance of fuel, shelter and comfort by his own fireside are secured. See also: no. Its focus is the general geology and characteristics of the Sierra Nevada. For many a century after the ice-ploughs were melted, nature fed them and dressed them every day; working like a man, a loving, devoted, painstaking gardener; fingering every leaf and flower and mossy furrowed bole; bending, trimming, modeling, balancing, painting them with the loveliest colors; bringing over them now clouds with cooling shadows and showers, now sunshine; fanning them with gentle winds and rustling their leaves; exercising them in every fibre with storms, and pruning them; loading them with flowers and fruit, loading them with snow, and ever making them more beautiful as the years rolled by. See All test questions. Any fool can destroy trees. The American Forests John Muir ALDO LEOPOLD'S LAND ETHIC IN FORESTRY; 5. Muir, John, 1838-1914 Publication date 1901 Topics National parks and reserves -- United States, Yosemite National Park (Calif.) Publisher Boston, New York : Houghton, Mifflin and Company Collection cdl; americana Digitizing sponsor MSN Contributor University of California Libraries Language English Critics including the . Every other civilized nation in the world has been compelled to care for its forests, and so must we if waste and destruction are not to go on to the bitter end, leaving America as barren as Palestine or Spain. Under the act of June 3, 1878, settlers in Colorado and the Territories were allowed to cut timber for mining and agricultural purposes from mineral land, which in the practical West means both cutting and burning anywhere and everywhere, for any purpose, on any sort of public land. With the exception of the timber culture act, under which, in consideration of planting a few acres of seedlings, settlers on the treeless plains got 160 acres each, the above is the only legislation aiming to protect and promote the planting of forests. David Suzuki, The Sacred Balance: Rediscovering Our Place in Nature. Golden Gate National Recreation Area, Muir Woods National Monument, Download the official NPS app before your next visit. Nevertheless the Andes and the South American forests continued to fascinate his imagination, as his letters show, for many years after he came to California. Every tree heard the bodeful sound, and pillars of smoke gave the sign in the sky. A Wind-Storm in the Forests. The enormous logs, too heavy to handle, are blasted into manageable dimensions with gunpowder. His family immigrated to America in 1849 and settled into farm life in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. the glory of the world! Restless to explore more of the country, he left school for what he would call "the University of the Wilderness. 237, pp. Since then, critics both international and domestic, but mostly from within the environmental movement, have criticized the idea of wilderness. Bright seas made its border with wave embroidery and icebergs; gray deserts were outspread in the middle of it, mossy tundras on the north, savannas on the south, and blooming prairies and plains; while lakes and rivers shone through all the vast forests and openings, and happy birds and beasts gave delightful animation. This means that less than 50,000 acres have been planted with stunted, woebegone, almost hopeless sprouts of trees, while at the same time the government has allowed millions of acres of the grandest forest trees to be stolen, or destroyed, or sold for nothing. Surely, then, it should not be wondered at that lovers of their country, bewailing its baldness, are now crying aloud, Save what is left of the forests! Clearing has surely now gone far enough; soon timber will be scarce, and not a grove will be left to rest in or pray in. Gold, gold, gold! In the clearings of one of the largest mills on the coast we found thirty men at work, last summer, cutting off redwood shoots in the dark of the moon, claiming that all the stumps and roots cleared at this auspicious time would send up no more shoots. Old grizzlies I despise, they want cannon to kill em; but the blacks and browns are beauties for grease, and when I get em just right, and draw a bead on em, I fetch em every time. Another said he was going to catch up a lot of mustangs as soon as the rains set in, hitch them to a gang-plough, and go to farming on the San Joaquin plains for wheat. John Muir, Wilderness Protector. He was a Scottish-American environmentalist, naturalist, and writer who is best known as the founder of the Sierra Club and one of the earliest promotors of the national parks. John Muir wrote a great essay, known as the "The American Forest" which spoke about the great beauty of nature and Chief Seattle gave a great speech known as the " Environmentalist Statement" which spoke about sustainability and the respect we need to provide and invoke. Through all the wonderful, eventful centuries since Christ's time-and long before that-God has cared for these trees, saved them from drought, disease, avalanches, and a thousand straining, leveling tempests and floods; but he cannot save them from fools,-only Uncle Sam can do that.''. Not a mountain is left in the landscape. World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future: From One Earth to One World (Brundtland Report) It is the only genuine Erebus route. . The Land Ethic Aldo Leopold Part II: Two Philosophical Issues in Forestry Ethics MULTIPLE VALUES IN FORESTS . A part of the John Muir Exhibit, by Harold Wood and Harvey Chinn. In the nature of things they had to give place to better cattle, though the change might have been made without barbarous wickedness. It extends along the western slope, in a nearly continuous belt about ten miles wide, from beyond the Oregon boundary to the south of Santa Cruz, a distance of nearly four hundred miles, and in massive, sustained grandeur and closeness of growth surpasses all the other timber woods of the world. The making of the far-famed New York Central Park was opposed by even good men, with misguided pluck, perseverance, and ingenuity; but straight right won its way, and now that park is appreciated. Under these circumstances, the bawling, blethering oratorical stuff drowns the voice of God himself. About seventy million acres it still owns, enough for all the country, if wisely used. Free shipping for many products! The outcries we hear against forest reservations come mostly from thieves who are wealthy and steal timber by wholesale. This magazine has been fully digitized as a part of The Atlantic's archive. But there is no such road on the western side of the continent. It is a compilation of his own accounts of his travels and journeys, and his explorations and examinations, of the mountain ranges of California, in particular the Sierra Nevada, during the late 1860s to the early 1870s, a time when the wild places in the State where . > As a child, he designed many inventions that would ease the familys work. Within the pantheon of environmental greats, few match the stature of John Muir. Anyhow, these vigorous, almost immortal trees are killed at last, and black stumps are now their only monuments over most of the chopped and burned areas. > President Theodore Roosevelt was one of the most powerful voices in the history of American conservation. John Muir remains worthy of honor and respect as a person who studied, recorded, and shared the natural areas of the United States and the world, and the role of humans within the environment. Yet the dawn of a new day in forestry is breaking. The feudal lords valued the woodlands, and enacted vigorous protective laws; and when, in the latest civil war, the Mikado government destroyed the feudal system, it declared the forests that had belonged to the feudal lords to be the property of the state, promulgated a forest law binding on the whole kingdom, and founded a school of forestry in Tokio. Upon this old law, as Mr. Bowers points out, having the construction of a wooden navy in view, the United States government has to-day chiefly to rely in protecting its timber throughout the arid regions of the West, where none of the naval timber which the law had in mind is to be found. 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