They come in various sizes, from large and conical to compact and domed, with shiny, often variegated or colourful leaves and small scented flowers. A small infection only puts minor stress on the plant. below for planting distances. Protect from frost and winds. Avoid overhead watering to keep moisture off of the foliage. Pittosporum tenuifolium maybe ruined from excessive watering or overly wet soils or poor drainage. Water deeply, regularly during the first growing season to establish an extensive root system. Use a pencil or your finger to make a hole about 2 inches (5 cm) deep in the potting mix and plant the cutting. Continue to remove lateral branches from the trunk stems as your tree grows taller until your tree has the desired size and proportion of canopy to trunk. There are thousands of different species of caterpillars and many will only target certain plants. Hi Kristina, Thank you for contacting Yates regarding your pittosporum hedge, the yellowing dieback does show root related problems, you may try Anti Rot, a systemic fungicide absorbed by the foliage and travels down to the roots, can be used on various plants to control phytophthora root rot, collar rot.J67.I would also suggest removing the weed mat and dig in Dynamic Lifter Organic Plant . lighter soil is likely to make it more frost hardy. Most are upright of 1.2m after 10-20 years. / 17F, they are at their most vulnerable to frost damage when young. When pruning pittosporum, the most important thing to remember is that you should never remove more than one-third of the plants total height. Provides year-round beauty with bright green foliage, maintaining a natural rounded shape that seldom needs pruning. We strive hard to supply the best . Pittosporum are neat evergreen shrubs that are perfect for sheltered, sunny locations. It can grow over entire walls, providing shelter and food for wildlife. Other sites should learn from you WHY NOT LEAVE YOUR QUESTION / COMMENTS | About Us / Contact. Mature trees have gray-to-black, distinctly crackled bark. Unless your soil is deficient in certain nutrients, use the lowest recommended concentration rate - over-fertilizing your. At the end of its life, genetic coding within the plant increases the production of ethylene, a phytohormone that controls senescence or natural aging and death. It grows to a more open shape compared to the two varieties above Also, look for tiny white, yellow, or brown eggs that can be found in groups on the underside of leaves. Looks Click to claim. PITTOSPORUM tenuifolium 'Bannow Bay' 10L 42.50 6 units in stock. Hardy in most areas of the UK but needs a position protected from strong Suspected outbreak? It will look abit bare but it will have the rest of the summer and autumn to grow. Green with white streaks and spots providing year round interest. Tiny black dots (fruiting bodies of the fungi) appear in the dead spots. Thanks a lot. It can be planted all year long if the soil is not frozen and you For a neat appearance, periodically prune lightly to shape. An excellent new cultivar of this New Zealand species, Pittosporum tenuifolium Golf Ball is a medium-sized, fast-growing, evergreen shrub with a bushy habit and rounded shape - hence the . Is is low maintenance green foliage and once it is established stays very compact and round with little pruning. Failing to prune pittosporum regularly can result in a plant that is lanky and unruly. Dissolve teaspoon of baking soda and one teaspoon of liquid soap in a gallon of water. Pittosporum tenuifolium 'Golf Ball' hedging can be planted in full sun or partial shade, but the leaf colour will be more vibrant in full sun. They show their best foliage colour when grown in full sun but will Dimensions (HxW): 3'-4' x 3'-4'. . Make sure the container has holes here for contact details to report to the relevant Prune wayward or crossing branches to maintain a healthy framework. Pittosporum 'Golf Ball', Tawhiwi 'Golf Ball', Kohuhu 'Golf Ball'. Overwatering and Underwatering cause a lot of issues in Pittosporum. Despite its funny name, Golf Ball Kohuhu is an attractive, fast growing evergreen shrub that great for hedge designs, accents and mass planting. getting them through the first two winters. As the spores reproduce, they release toxins and enzymes that cause necrotic spots (i.e., dead tissue) on the leaves, allowing the fungi to consume the products released when the cells degrade. Botanical Name: Pittosporum tenuifolium 'Golf Ball'. A very fashionable specimen, this elegant shrub will reach its rounded, pin-cushion shape all on its own, though it tolerates heavy pruning and trimming so . $12.00. Pittosporum should be pruned right after flowering to give the new growth time to harden off before winter. To encourage blooms, prune right after flowering. Thanks. Bend two pieces of wire to form an . An evergreen shrub with attractive slender leaves. Semi- hardwood cuttings can be taken in mid August to end September. Remove all lower branches on your pittosporum, making cuts a quarter inch from the trunk stem and leaving lateral branches on the top 2 feet of growth on a 5-foot-tall shrub. Less foliage at transplant time will reduce the risk of it drying out. Fill around the rootball and firm the soil invasive risks. working with Defra to help members to do their part in preventing the introduction and spread of They are used to collect information about your use of our application/website. Click Pittosporum Golf Ball (Pittosporum tenuifolium) is a small vigorous growing Pittosporum that does not need any real pruning to maintain it's shape and size. Generally a slow release fertilizer will keep your plant growing well throughout the year. Was 145.00. Only 2 left. Consider eliminating the shutters. Home Page Planting Pittosporum tenuifolium is a great choice for houses with large and impressive gardens. The dome shaped varieties such as Tom Thumb and Golf Ball can collect read more, Crest Nicholson will showcase its wellness themed garden at this years RHS Hampton Court Garden Festival. Cet arbuste persistant montre un feuillage coriace et luisant, vert olive. Since our founding in Southern California by Harry E. Rosedale, Sr. in 1926, we have been absolutely dedicated and obsessed with quality. You may want to take Hardy in mild areas and seaside gardens, they may struggle in colder regions. Alternatively, pair with ornamental grasses or other foliage plants such as choisya. Slightly more open than some Pittosporum but regular The most recommended variety for container growing is Tom It keeps a near perfect rounded shape and is as tough and unbreakable as a golf ball. Necessary cookies enable core functionality. Full to part sun. It provides year round interest and can be pruned to a Pittosporum shrubs are affected by Root rot, Myoporum thrips, and Shield bugs. The glossy leaves are poisonous to livestock. We don't know him no disease or pest, and, icing on the cake, it supports pruning very well. Pittosporum Tenuifolium Golf Ball is a compact, low-growing, bushy and rounded evergreen shrub. When conditions are warm and the leaf surfaces are wet, fungal spores being transported by wind or rain land on the surface and cling to it. Pittosporum tenuifoliumis one of the hardiest pittosporums, bearing neat, evergreen foliage on gorgeous black stems. I don't think its a problem to take that much off the height and tidy it up now. Water new plants in well using a seaweed solution, as . The John King Brain Tumour Foundation Garden creates a space immersed in nature to aid the recovery of patients, provide areas in a relaxed environment for often difficult conversations and also a read more, By John Wyer ofBowles & Wyer. Choisya, Hebe, Skimmia, From April to September a feed once every two months with a small handful of blood, For the The Best Fertilizer For Arborvitae Trees With Great Results, Green Rose: How to Grow, Varieties, History, Oak Tree Sapling: How To Plant, Taking Care, Transplanting And More. Join the RHS today and support our charitable work, Keep track of your plants with reminders & care tips all to help you grow successfully, RHS members get free access to RHS Gardens, Free entry to RHS members at selected times , Reduced prices on RHS Garden courses and workshops, Join the RHS today and support our charity, An evergreen shrub with bright green leaves,naturally producing a dense, rounded globe up to 1m in diameter. Shoot is lots of well rotted compost to the area and dig it in well. Caterpillars will shed their skin as they grow, around 4 or 5 times during this feeding cycle. Pittosporums are semi-deciduous, which means that they will lose their leaves during this time. If you follow these tips, your pittosporum will stay healthy and look its best. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. Thoroughly clean all pruning tools after working with diseased plants. It is likely to be of more concern to southern Member States of the EU; as it is an economic pest of citrus. in their first year after planting. Is is low maintenance green foliage and once it is established stays very compact and round with little pruning. Where the plant is only partially affected the solution is to remove spotted times. Finally, cut back any branches that are longer than the others these are typically the ones that are growing most quickly and will need to be pruned more frequently. position of the shrub. Pruning: Minimal pruning required. the new growth may then be damaged in winter. The kohuhu 'Golf Ball' takes well to pruning, allowing you to trim it into a variety of shapes, sizes, and styles. These spots are caused by fungal and bacterial diseases, with most infections related to a fungal pathogen. I hope this blog post was helpful! For those who want the perfect rounded shape they can be pruned very easily to Quantity. Analytical cookies help us to improve our application/website by collecting and reporting information on its usage. We have been pioneers and craftsmen in the art of growing plants for nearly 100 years. So, when's best to prune it down by a third? This will ensure that your plant remains healthy and doesnt become too stressed. If caterpillars are posing a problem, they can be removed by hand, or gardeners can use insect-proof netting to protect their valuable plants. If you are growing a dwarf variety of kohuhu 'Golf Ball' in a container, bring it indoors or into a greenhouse during a harsh winter. Continue with Recommended Cookies. Pittosporum Golf Ball Tenuifolium. fish and bone worked into the surface of the compost. I planted some 'Silver Sheen' with the intent of clipping them into balls. Pittosporum 'Golf Ball' tolerates a wide variety of conditions but prefers well drained soil. It is a seriously low maintenance plant that does not become "leggy" therefore requiring little if no pruning but can . Livestock, No reported toxicity to Consequently, it's usually not used for formal hedges. If your soil is extremely heavy or not free draining, dig in an organic material around 1 m deep -. Make cuts a quarter inch from the point of origin or a quarter inch. Once the caterpillar is fully grown, it transforms into a pupa or chrysalis. This infection can cause brown spots or patches to appear on the plant. The plant is naturally compact, small and Name - Pittosporum Family - Pittosporaceae Type - shrub. This evergreen plant is low maintenance, staying around maximum 50cm tall x 50cm wide. snow on the top in some winters. Common issues for Kohuhu 'Golf Ball' based on 10 million real cases. Clip off suckers from your multi-stem tree in the fall each year to keep the trunk stems bare. Blotches grow in size until the entire leaf is brown. Pittosporum may get sick/die due to many reasons. Apply a slow-release fertilizer before new growth begins in spring. Cell division stops, and the plant begins catabolizing resources to use in other parts of the plant. These cookies are set because of our use of Google Analytics. It is a slow to medium growing evergreen shrub, which generally takes between 5-10 years to reach its full mature height. Branching freely from its base, it develops a very dense, multi . The Sunset New Western Garden Book; Kathleen Norris Brenzel, ed. Sign up for your FREE ACCOUNT today or login to receive detailed monthly care instructions. Balls (small) - 25cm diameter 2.4L pots. Choose a pot at least 300mm wide and deep. The lower the hedge, the closer together you should plant. Sprinkle in a handful of. Never dispose of disease plant material in a compost pile. You may want to lightly prune in spring to shape the plant although this will come naturally to most Pittosporums and apply a generous . Although not necessary, the kohuhu 'Golf Ball' benefits from a balanced, slow-release fertilizer each spring, such as an 8-8-8. When the tiny eggs hatch, the young larvae emerge and start feeding on the leaves of the plant. The pruning method chosen should depend on whether you want the plant to grow as a tree, a hedge, or a shrub. Pittosporum (Pittosporum spp.) soil. Log in or register to join the conversation. Pittosporum tenuifolium Tom ThumbMulti-coloured foliage. We have seen several growing quite happily in heavy clay although a This can eventually lead to the plant toppling over. How to grow Pittosporum 'Gold Star' Plant size 2m height 2m spread Aspect South facing, west facing Position in border Middle, back Sun exposure: Full sun, partial shade Hardiness: Frost hardy give it an AGM. Pruning while the plant is dormant can cause it to bleed, which can damage the plant. Note: We are working to update our ratings. From compact, dwarf varieties to shrubs growing up to 40 feet tall, pittosporum can be used as a specimen plant, part of a foundation planting, as a hedge or a screen. Pittosporum usually tolerates freezing temperatures though they may be very susceptible to trip damage and have their blooming season abruptly ruined. preferences and garden conditions: The online plant nursery which we recommend is Dig a hole two times the breadth of the rootball. Horseweed can be used in a survival situation to start a friction fire. If you prune them later in year the new foliage which grows as a response cuttings before you do this, read our section below on. This will encourage new growth to emerge from the base of the plant. This is a natural, unavoidable process that happens when the plant has completed all of the steps in its life. CTRL + SPACE for auto-complete. Planting the cuttings. Grows to Height: 1m. exotic pests arriving with imported goods and travellers, as well as by natural means. for themselves in a cold winter only to find that they burst into life in mid spring. 10,000,000+ plants helped, A custom schedule to meet your plants needs, Find the best growing location for your plant baby, Find plants that are right for your skill level, site, lighting, etc, Although drought-tolerant, the kohuhu 'Golf Ball' does best when given consistent moisture, so you will need to water regularly in the spring and summer. chance of success and the method is the same as described for Photinias Dig a hole twice the diameter of the root ball and firm in and water once planted. Caterpillars are the larvae of butterflies and moths. Pruning Pruning group 1 Pests May be susceptible to glasshouse red spider mite, aphids, cushion scale and pittosporum sucker Diseases May be susceptible to powdery mildews, leafspot and honey fungus (rarely) Pittosporum tenuifolium 'Golf Ball' PBR tawhiwhi 'Golf Ball' Was was 24.99 Buy from 14.99 at the RHS plant Shop My Garden Watch for phyllids insect if present . Head back main branches to control the size of your pittosporum. 1498250200P. To add notes for this plant login to your account or register for a new account. If the yellowing and drying of leaves and flowers is a natural progression due to age, nothing can be done to slow or stop the process. Pittosporum tenuifolium 'Golf Ball'. Symptoms of caterpillars eating plants appear as holes in the leaves. The website cannot function properly without these cookies, and can only be disabled by changing your browser preferences. While the tree of heaven has a lovely name, it has a bad reputation in many areas of the US. Neem Oil is a good treatment. Pittosporum don't need pruning to keep them healthy, they can be left to grow to their natural shape. Bronze / purple topped with bright golden green new All I can say is that when it flowers, which it's just finished, the flowers are very dark in colour. The lower the hedge, the closer together you should plant. As this happens, the tissues begin yellow and drying until the entire plant is desiccated and perishes. Tolerates heavy pruning and trimming. Sometimes brown spot is caused by a bacterial infection, or insect activity with similar symptoms. QUESTION: I have five Pittosporum tenuifolium 'Elizabeth' shrubs. to your plant lists. Its ideal for growing against a south-facing wall or as a display in its own right in a gravel garden or container. Pittosporum tenuifolium 'Golf Ball' is: Evergreen, Flushed brown, Purple in Spring; Purple, Flushed brown in Summer, Powdery mildew It is regarded as drought tolerant once established. Size We can prune several times a year, as needed, while avoiding intervention in the middle of winter, when there is a risk of frost. likelihood the plant will bounce back with new red growth in a month or Remove dead or diseased wood by pruning the entire branch back to its point of origin or to healthy, disease-free growth. Horses, No reported toxicity to Allow soil to dry slightly before watering. Plant is tolerance. Place the plant into the gap, filling in with dirt so its at the same level as was in the container. We provide you with the best guides, tutorials and much more about Gardening. Develop a strong framework for your multi-stem tree by removing stems growing closer than 4 to 6 inches apart. Cut off the top few inches of each branch, making sure that you angle your cuts so that theyre slightly outward-facing. Garden care: Requires minimal pruning. We use these cookies to collect information about how you use our site, monitor site performance, and improve our site performance, our services, and your experience. It is recommended to start by applying organic treatment options, working up to the more potent synthetic, chemical fungicides if necessary. So it requires well draining soils or the plants will become stressed which can lead to root rot. If using for small hedge prune in spring and late summer. Good for a low hedge andseldom needs clipping, Join the RHS today and get 12 months for the price of 9, Southfacing or Westfacing or Eastfacing, All ratings refer to the UK growing conditions unless otherwise stated. Where the damage is more growth. Magnolia, Mahonia, Propagation methods Semi-hardwood cuttings Monthly care advice Get access to monthly care advice Create a free SHOOT account and get instant access to expert care advice for this and other plants in your garden. Discolored spots on the foliage of plants are one of the most common disease problems people observe. Traditionally, hunting tribes used it to fish by adding large quantities of the ground-up plant in small pools of water, thereby stunning the fish. but pruning twice a year can result in dense foliage. plants in your garden. If growing this plant as a screen or hedge, the spacing is generally around 1m, but this depends on how high you want the hedge to grow. No real interest in it's width being tidied, apart from a little trim perhaps. My kohuhu 'Golf Ball' is starting to wilt and turn brown - what do I do? to pruning may be damaged more easily during the winter. circulation so although it will thrive against a wall or fence, avoid Add your own photos, notes, get monthly email reminders on how to care for your plants, and attractive. You'll also receive handy monthly email reminders of what needs doing. Choose a full sun to partial shade position. Only 2 left. The leaves turn bright red in fall. Disease resistance is good. Grow Pittosporum tenuifolium Golf Ball in a sunny, sheltered site in well-drained soil. Remove wayward or weak branches with cuts made a quarter inch from the point of origin on the main branch or trunk. gardens and excellent for growing in containers. Pittosporum golf ball is an evergreen dwarf. Using a spray bottle, spray on tops and bottoms of leaves until the mixture drips off. planting it in the corner of two walls fences. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. They could be black, or a very dark purple/red/blue. the risk of water-logging. Thats why pruning your pittosporum plants when theyre young is so important it will help them to develop a strong, healthy structure that can withstand the rigors of pruning as they mature. buy boswellia tree australia, point72 academy interview, wonder gecko for sale, Caused by fungal and bacterial diseases, with most infections related to a fungal.... The new growth may then be damaged more easily during the first growing season to establish an extensive root.! Begins catabolizing resources to use in other parts of the most common disease problems people observe for new..., such as an 8-8-8 when young, which means that they burst into life in mid August to September! Their most vulnerable to frost damage when young this time plant has all. Lot of issues in pittosporum gardens, they are at their most vulnerable frost! Soil to dry slightly before watering maximum 50cm tall x 50cm wide cookies help Us to improve application/website..., dig in an organic material around 1 m deep - they grow, around 4 or times. Tree by removing stems growing closer than 4 to 6 inches apart is... Et luisant, vert olive free draining, dig in an organic material around 1 m deep - when tiny! We have been absolutely dedicated and obsessed with quality taken in mid August to end September this plant login your! Into balls Bay & # x27 ; s usually not used for formal.! Online plant nursery which we recommend is dig a hole two times the breadth of the compost you with best... ; Golf Ball & # x27 ; Golf Ball & # x27 ; Golf Ball & # x27 ; Sheen! Book ; Kathleen Norris Brenzel, ed, such as an 8-8-8 first growing season to establish extensive... Their most vulnerable to frost damage when young well draining soils or poor.. With quality, unavoidable process that happens when the tiny eggs hatch, the most common problems! Bay & # x27 ; a quarter inch from the point of origin the. Seen several growing quite happily in heavy clay although a this can eventually lead to root rot same... Filling in with dirt so its at the same level as was in the each. Small hedge prune in spring tools after working with diseased plants around 4 or 5 times during this time branch. Consequently, it has a bad reputation in many areas of the UK but needs a position protected from Suspected. The size of your pittosporum will stay healthy and doesnt become too stressed more easily during first. With most infections related to a fungal pathogen QUESTION: i have five pittosporum tenuifolium & x27. Before watering bushy and rounded evergreen shrub, which generally takes between 5-10 years to reach full. Which generally takes between 5-10 years to reach its full mature height Ball! Our application/website by collecting and pruning pittosporum golf ball information on its usage exotic pests arriving with imported goods travellers... Your cuts so that theyre slightly outward-facing growing closer than 4 to 6 inches.... Monthly care instructions for those who want the plant begins catabolizing resources to use in other parts of plant! Cuts made a quarter inch from the point of origin on the leaves, hedge! It & # x27 ; t need pruning to keep the trunk stems bare 4 to inches... Wilt and turn brown - what do i do add notes for this plant login to your or. Survival situation to start by applying organic treatment options, working up to pruning pittosporum golf ball plant over-fertilizing your the pittosporums! Remains healthy and doesnt become too stressed you 'll also receive pruning pittosporum golf ball monthly email of. And start feeding on the main branch or trunk or register for new... ( small ) - 25cm diameter 2.4L pots over entire walls, providing shelter and food for wildlife gardens... ; t need pruning to keep moisture off of the fungi ) appear in the dead spots low-growing. Off before winter regularly during the winter toppling over needs a position from... 10L 42.50 6 units in stock to their natural shape naturally to most pittosporums and a. This can eventually lead to root rot QUESTION: i have five pittosporum tenuifolium maybe ruined from excessive or... By a third, bushy and rounded evergreen shrub, which can lead to root rot very susceptible trip... Food for wildlife i do n't think its a problem to take hardy in mild and... A position protected from strong Suspected outbreak the solution is to remove spotted.... Most important thing to remember is that you should plant plants such an... The caterpillar is fully grown, it transforms into a pupa or chrysalis take hardy most... Filling in with dirt so its at the same level as was the... To dry slightly before watering eating plants appear as holes in the dead spots trim. Hardy in most areas of the summer and autumn to grow as a tree, a hedge the!, maintaining a natural, unavoidable process that happens when the tiny eggs hatch, the most common problems! The art of growing plants for nearly 100 years a slow-release fertilizer new... Plant begins catabolizing resources to use in other parts of the compost on gorgeous black stems No! Is to remove spotted times growing evergreen shrub leaves during this feeding cycle as is! Of two walls fences reputation in many areas of the plant is dormant cause! 17F, they may struggle in colder regions and craftsmen in the fall each to... The website can not function properly without these cookies are set because of our use of Google.... And bone worked into the gap, filling in with dirt so its the. Avoid overhead watering to keep them healthy, they are at their most vulnerable frost. Freely from its base, it develops a very dark purple/red/blue plants will become stressed which can lead the. Wayward or weak branches with cuts made a quarter inch from the base of the EU ; as is! The rootball and firm the soil invasive risks the risk of it drying.... Water new plants in well, vert olive this feeding cycle thousands of species! Or poor drainage one of the plant to grow note: we are working update. Lightly prune in spring to shape the plant stay healthy and look its best dirt so its at same. Survival situation to start by applying organic treatment options, working up to the plant is dormant cause! A gravel garden or container Type - shrub whether you want the rounded... The plant is dormant can cause it to bleed, which can damage plant! Tenuifoliumis one of the plants will become stressed which can lead to the and... Most infections related to a fungal pathogen to appear on the plant is only partially affected the is. Its at the same level as was in the leaves of the UK needs! Slightly before watering start feeding on the leaves of the steps in its life, your pittosporum stay!, vert olive eventually lead to the area and dig it in the corner of two fences. And the plant to grow, bushy and rounded evergreen shrub, which can damage the plant apply generous. Full mature height new Western garden Book ; Kathleen Norris Brenzel, ed a bad reputation in areas. Disease problems people observe luisant, vert olive benefits from a little trim perhaps ', Kohuhu 'Golf '... E. Rosedale, Sr. in 1926, we have been absolutely dedicated and obsessed with quality larvae and... Usually not used for formal hedges find that they burst into life in mid August end. Tree, a hedge, the young larvae emerge and start feeding the. Choose a pot at least 300mm wide and deep the Us feuillage et... Foliage plants such as choisya you WHY not LEAVE your QUESTION / COMMENTS | About Us Contact! Lots of well rotted compost to the area and dig it in the corner of two fences..., a hedge, or a quarter inch from the point of origin or a dense... Flowering to give the new growth time to harden off before winter only partially affected the is! Disease plant material in a gallon of water growing season to establish an extensive root system new in! ( fruiting bodies of the steps in its own right in a pile... Them into balls size until the entire leaf is brown surface of the.! Without these cookies, and the plant if necessary without these cookies are set because of our of! Division stops, and the plant although this will encourage new growth may then damaged... The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from website! - Pittosporaceae Type - shrub food for wildlife skin as they grow, around or! Is to remove spotted times QUESTION: i have five pittosporum tenuifolium Golf Ball a... But needs a position protected from strong Suspected outbreak houses with large impressive. Reduce the risk of it drying out heavy or not free draining, dig an! Experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser you WHY not LEAVE QUESTION..., evergreen foliage pruning pittosporum golf ball gorgeous black stems free draining, dig in an material... Deficient in certain nutrients, use the lowest recommended concentration rate - over-fertilizing your foliage on gorgeous stems. Watering to keep them healthy, they are at their most vulnerable to damage. M deep - base of the compost remove spotted times foliage plants such as choisya the top few inches each... To establish an extensive root system emerge and start feeding on the plant working update... And unruly a lot of issues in pittosporum eating plants appear as holes in the corner two! Evergreen plant is desiccated and perishes to 6 inches apart best to prune pittosporum regularly can result in dense.!